AWS STORAGE TYPES / EBS VOLUMES & IOPS



IOPS (Input/Output Operations Per Second) 
Number of read/write operations a storage device can perform per second.

IOPS is used to measure disk performance for:

  • Databases (Oracle, PostgreSQL, MySQL, Aurora)
  • Transaction systems
  • Analytics workloads
  • High-frequency OLTP systems



Different IOPS:

  1. Standard IOPS (Baseline / General Purpose)
  2. Provisioned IOPS (PIOPS)



HDD-based volumes

  1. Throughput Optimized HDD (st1) for frequently accessed, throughput intensive workloads and 
  2. The lowest cost Cold HDD (sc1) for less frequently accessed data. 


    st1 volume type is designed to deliver the expected throughput performance 99% of the time and has enough I/O credits* to support a full-volume scan at the burst rate. To maximize the performance of st1, we recommend using EBS-optimized EC2 instances.

     
    Volume Type: Throughput Optimized HDD (st1)
    Short Description: Low cost HDD volume designed for frequently accessed, throughput-intensive workloads
    Use Cases: Big data, data warehouses, log processing
    API Name: st1
    Volume Size: 125 GB – 16 TB

    Durability: 99.8% - 99.9% durability
    Max IOPS**/Volume: 500
    Max Throughput***/Volume: 500 MB/s
    Max Throughput/Instance: 12,500 MB/s
    Price: $0.045/GB-month
    Dominant Performance Attribute: MB/s

    *I/O credits are used to burst large amounts of I/O above baseline performance
    **io1/io2 Block Express/gp2/gp3 based on 16K I/O size, st1/sc1 based on 1 MB I/O size
    ***volume throughput is calculated as MB = 1024^2 bytes

     sc1 is designed to deliver the expected throughput performance 99% of the time and has enough I/O credits* to support a full-volume scan at the burst rate. To maximize the performance of sc1, we recommend using EBS-optimized EC2 instances.

    Volume Type: Cold HDD (sc1)
    Short Description: Lowest cost HDD volume designed for less frequently accessed workloads
    Use Cases: Colder data requiring fewer scans per day
    API Name: sc1
    Volume Size: 125 GB – 16 TB

    Durability: 99.8% - 99.9% durability
    Max IOPS**/Volume: 250
    Max Throughput***/Volume: 250 MB/s
    Max Throughput/Instance: 7,500 MB/s
    Price: $0.015/GB-month
    Dominant Performance Attribute: MB/s

    *I/O credits are used to burst large amounts of I/O above baseline performance
    **io1/io2 Block Express/gp2/gp3 based on 16K I/O size, st1/sc1 based on 1 MB I/O size
    ***volume throughput is calculated as MB = 1024^2 bytes


SSD-based volumes

  1. General Purpose SSD volumes (gp2 and gp3)
  2. SSD-based volumes include the highest performance EBS volumes (io2 Block Express and io1)

 

General Purpose SSD volumes (gp2 and gp3)


GP2 is designed to offer single-digit millisecond latency, deliver a consistent baseline performance of 3 IOPS/GB (minimum 100 IOPS) to a maximum of 16,000 IOPS, and provide up to 250 MB/s of throughput per volume. Gp2 volumes smaller than 1 TB can also burst up to 3,000 IOPS. 


Volume Type: EBS General Purpose SSD (gp2)
Short Description: General Purpose SSD volume that balances price performance for a wide variety of transactional workloads
Use Cases: Boot volumes, low-latency interactive apps, dev & test
API Name: gp2
Volume Size: 1 GB – 16 TB

Durability: 99.8% - 99.9% durability
Max IOPS*/Volume: 16,000
Max Throughput**/Volume: 250 MB/s
Max IOPS/Instance: 260,000
Max Throughput/Instance: 7,500 MB/s

Latency: single digit millisecond
Price: $0.10/GB-month
Dominant Performance Attribute: IOPS

*io1/io2 Block Express/gp2/gp3 based on 16K I/O size, st1/sc1 based on 1 MB I/O size
**volume throughput is calculated as MB = 1024^2 bytes


GP3 volumes deliver a baseline performance of 3,000 IOPS and 125 MiBps at any volume size. Customers looking for higher performance can scale up to 80,000 IOPS and 2,000 MiBps for an additional fee. 

General Purpose SSD volumes (gp2 and gp3) that balance price and performance for transactional applications, including virtual desktops, test and development environments, and interactive gaming applications.


SSD-based EBS volumes (io1 and io2 Block Express)

io1 SSD-based EBS volumes is designed to deliver a consistent baseline performance of up to 50 IOPS/GB to a maximum of 64,000 IOPS and provide up to 1,000 MB/s of throughput per volume. 

To maximize the benefit of io1, we recommend using EBS-optimized EC2 instances. 

When attached to EBS-optimized EC2 instances, io1 is designed to achieve single-digit millisecond latencies and is designed to deliver the provisioned performance 99.9% of the time.

io1 is designed for critical, I/O intensive database and application workloads, as well as throughput-intensive database and data warehouse workloads, such as HBase, Vertica, and Cassandra. These volumes are ideal for both IOPS-intensive and throughput-intensive workloads that require low latency and have moderate durability requirements or include built-in application redundancy.

(io1 and io2 Block Express ) for your most demanding transactional applications including SAP HANA, Microsoft SQL Server and IBM DB2, 

Volume Type: EBS Provisioned IOPS SSD (io1)

Short Description: High performance SSD volume designed for latency-sensitive transactional workloads

Use Cases: I/O-intensive NoSQL & relational databases

API Name: io1
Volume Size: 4 GB – 16 TB
Durability: 99.8% - 99.9%
Max IOPS*/Volume: 64,000
Max Throughput**/Volume: 1,000 MB/s
Max IOPS/Instance: 420,000
Max IOPS/GB: 50 IOPS/GB
Max Throughput/Instance: 12,500 MB/s
Latency: single digit millisecond
Price: $0.125/GB-month + $0.065/provisioned IOPS-month
Dominant Performance Attribute: IOPS

*io1/io2 Block Express/gp2/gp3 based on 16K I/O size, st1/sc1 based on 1 MB I/O size
**volume throughput is calculated as MB = 1024^2 bytes

 


io2 Block Express SSD-based EBS is designed to provide 4,000 MB/s throughput per volume, 256,000 IOPS/volume, up to 64 TiB storage capacity, and 1,000 IOPS per GB as well as 99.999% durability, making it ideal for your largest, most I/O intensive, mission-critical deployments of Oracle, SAP HANA, Microsoft SQL Server, and SAS Analytics.

Volume Type: EBS Provisioned IOPS SSD (io2 Block Express)  

Short Description: High-performance SSD volume designed for business-critical latency-sensitive applications
 
Use Cases: I/O-intensive NoSQL & relational databases 

API Name: io2
Volume Size: 4 GB – 64 TB
Durability: 99.999%
Latency: sub-millisecond
Max IOPS*/Volume: 256,000
Max Throughput**/Volume: 4,000 MB/s
Max IOPS/Instance: 420,000
Max IOPS/GB: 1,000 IOPS/GB
Max Throughput/Instance: 12,500 MB/s
Price: 

  • $0.125/GB-month
  • $0.065/provisioned IOPS-month up to 32,000 IOPS
  • $0.046/provisioned IOPS-month from 32,001 to 64,000 IOPS
  • $0.032/provisioned IOPS-month for greater than 64,000 IOPS

Dominant Performance Attribute: IOPS, throughput, latency, capacity, and volume durability

*io1/io2 Block Express/gp2/gp3 based on 16K I/O size, st1/sc1 based on 1 MB I/O size

**volume throughput is calculated as MB = 1024^2 bytes

 

 
Performance Tiers:

    HDD (Magnetic): ~100-200 IOPS.
    SATA SSD: ~70,000-100,000 IOPS.
    NVMe SSD: 300,000 - 1,200,000+ IOPS.

 

New – Amazon EBS gp3 Volume Lets You Provision Performance Apart From Capacity | AWS News Blog 

 

How to Automate Cost and Performance Improvement Through gp3 Upgrades Using AWS Systems Manager | AWS Partner Network (APN) Blog 

AWS EBS Volumes gp2 vs gp3, io1 vs io2 which one to choose | by Prashant Lakhera | Medium 

Choose the best Amazon EBS volume type for your self-managed database deployment | AWS Storage Blog 

REFERENCES:

https://aws.amazon.com/ebs/volume-types/

https://docs.aws.amazon.com/ebs/latest/userguide/ebs-volume-types.html

https://handbook.vantage.sh/aws/concepts/io-operations/

 

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